The SNPs had no recognizable effect on the two encoded virus proteins. Sequence analyses of the two open reading frames (ORFs) revealed only 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3873 nucleotides. PhV RNA was found in over 90Â % of the isolates with no correlation to geographic origin or pathotype of its host. halstedii from five continents and up to 40Â y old was conducted. A PCR-based screening of 128 samples of P. The virus origin and its genomic variability are unknown. Plasmopara halstedii virus (PhV) is a ss(+)RNA virus that exclusively occurs in the sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii, a biotrophic oomycete of severe economic impact.
Occurrence and genetic diversity of the Plasmopara halstedii virus in sunflower downy mildew populations of the world. These results revealed that the central 14 amino acid residues were essential for anti-pathogenic activity. Moreover, only MoHrip2M14 and other fragments containing the 14 amino acids residues in the middle region of the protein showed the elicitor activity of inducing a hypersensitive response and resistance related pathways, which were similar to that of full-length MoHrip2. Biological function analysis showed that MoHrip2 triggered the defense system against Botrytis cinerea in tobacco.
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To investigate the functional regions responsible for MoHrip2 elicitor activities, the full length and eight truncated proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and were evaluated for elicitor activity in tobacco. Overall, the crystal structure formed a β-barrel structure and showed high similarity to the pathogenesis-related (PR) thaumatin superfamily protein thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitor (TL-XI). The three-dimensional structure of MoHrip2 was obtained. Here, we investigated the structure of MoHrip2 to elucidate its functions based on molecular structure.
However, the detailed mechanisms by which MoHrip2 acts as an elicitor remain unclear. The protein elicitor MoHrip2, which was extracted from Magnaporthe oryzae as an exocrine protein, triggers the tobacco immune system and enhances blast resistance in rice. Liu, Mengjie Duan, Liangwei Wang, Meifang Zeng, Hongmei Liu, Xinqi Qiu, Dewen halstedii isolatesĬrystal Structure Analysis and the Identification of Distinctive Functional Regions of the Protein Elicitor Mohrip2. The results showed the presence of a single and new virus type in different P. Viral sequence variation was 0.3% or less regardless of their host's pathotypes, the geographical origin and the sensitivity towards the fungicide metalaxyl. 1.4 kb) were used to analyze the nucleotide sequence variation of virions in different P. The CP showed similarities to CP of SmV A and viruses within the Tombusviridae family. The N-terminal sequence represented a region within ORF2 suggesting a proteolytic processing of the CP in vivo. Top-Down MALDI-TOF analysis revealed the N-terminal sequence of the CP. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF2 was verified by nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS experiments. ORF2 coded for the single viral coat protein (CP) and was framed by a 5' UTR of 164 nt and a 3' UTR of 234 nt.
RNA2 consisted of 1526 nt exclusive its 3' poly(A) tract and a second ORF (ORF2) of 1128 nt. ORF1 contained motifs of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) and showed similarities to RdRp of Scleropthora macrospora virus A (SmV A) and viruses within the Nodaviridae family. ORF1 was framed by a 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of 18 nt and a 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of 30 nt.
RNA1 consisted of 2793 nucleotides (nt) exclusive its 3' poly(A) tract and a single open-reading frame (ORF1) of 2745 nt. The complete nucleotide sequences of both single-stranded RNA segments (RNA1 and RNA2) were established. The N-terminal sequence of the viral coat protein was determined using Top-Down MALDI-TOF analysis. halstedii isolates was subjected to nucleotide sequencing and analysis of the viral genome. However, complete nucleotide sequences and data on the genome organization were lacking. Isometric virions were found in different isolates of the oomycete Plasmopara halstedii, the downy mildew pathogen of sunflower. Only very few viruses of Oomycetes have been studied in detail. Heller-Dohmen, Marion Göpfert, Jens C Pfannstiel, Jens Spring, Otmar The nucleotide sequence and genome organization of Plasmopara halstedii virus.
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